As much as I would have liked a really nice looking smooth surface, I could not afford a custom made spun aluminium example. I therefore used an aluminium extractor fan liner and bent this around a central wooden 'wheel'. I call it a wheel because it was turned on the lathe to have a depression around its central area, much like a car wheel has for the inner tube to sit in. This serves the purpose of locating the outer aluminium liner squarely onto the wood.
The wheel shape was turned to an exact size so that the outside liner would fit snugly around the outside. This snug fit is important for my method to work successfully.







Before the liner was put around the wooden 'wheel' I placed an elastic strap inside the liner and hot glued a plastic locating collar into one end (circled). The elastic was then pulled tight by the wire you can see and the two ends secured to one another.
It is a rather fiddley job trying to secure it, because you need to have your hands inside the liner to tie the knot, whilst at the same time the action of tying the knot is pulling the two ends of the liner together and trapping your hands.


Once you have managed to secure the elastic strap it causes the two ends to butt hard against one another, while at the same time they are located by the collar. I then slipped the joined liner over the central wooden 'wheel' much like you would 'pop' a bicycle tyre onto its rim.








The parcel tape wrapped around it is just a temporary measure!

The central areas were then covered with heavy duty aluminium foil and given a layer of varnish to protect them. This varnish coat offered some protection but very soon became quiet pitted as breakout occurred from its surface. With hindsight the foil would have been better left just plain.

I later made a second toroid with the intention of giving it a smooth surface by covering with aluminium foil tape. I used the same initial method to make the wooden centre as employed on the first one, except I had to mill the shape circular as it was slightly too large to fit on my Myford lathe.






Once the ducting was put in place it was then covered with ordinary wall filler and allowed to dry.





After several layers of filler and plenty of rubbing down, I applied two coats of varnish to protect the delicate surface and to give a 'key' for the tape to stick too.





Applying the tape turned out to be a fiddley and frustrating job. Originally I had drawn the toroid in a 3D CAD program (Rhino) with the aim of cutting out individual segments to apply. I soon realised that unless they all aligned absolutely correct, with respect to one another, the result would look dreadful. I also encountered problems in making a suitably accurate template for this method as well.

Because of these developments I soon realised that individual two inch wide strips laid axially across the toroid was the way to proceed. These still have be aligned and applied very carefully if you wish to avoid undue creases though. You must realise that creases are bound to occur to some extent though, as you are putting a 2 dimensional flat surface, onto a curved 3D surface.
Fortunately minor creases can be removed by burnishing the tape once it has been applied, with something like the back of a spoon, or a curved piece of plastic.





The toroid not only acts as a capacitor to hold the HV charge, but also serves the purpose of offering some electrostatic protection to the top of the secondary. Without this you would get excessive corona forming or even breakout to occur from the top of the secondary coil windings.
The optimum height for the toroid is for the very bottom to be raised above the last turn of the secondary by at least the same amount, or preferably slightly more (1.1 to 1.2 times ), as the toroid's lesser diameter (Distance 'X' - see below)





The actual size of the toroid will depend on the size of the secondary coil. There is it seems no hard and fast rules, though it is generally accepted that the minor diameter will not be larger than the diameter of the secondary coil, in general the ratio is usually about 0.5 to 0.75. The overall diameter will be 2.5 to 4 times the secondary diameter. Other people may aim for a maximum diameter that is about 80 to 90% of the actual winding height.


If the toroid is too small it will not be able to hold sufficient charge before breakout occurs, so the streamers will be shorter and weaker. A correct sized one will allow a healthy charge to build up before breaking out. You will then get a nice solid streamer that is longer than that produced by a smaller toroid.
A toroid that is too big, although offering increased electrostatic protection, will not have any breakout at all unless you add a 'breakout point' (a small rod or tack sitting on the toroid's surface). Another consequence can occasionally be that you get what are called 'racing sparks'. This is where sparks shoot vertically up and down the secondary coil surface. The usual culprit behind racing sparks however is that the coupling is too tight, so check for this first. To alter the coupling you would need to either raise the secondary or lower the primary.